The causes of violence and the effects of violence on community and individual health stephen c. More specifically, the study will analyze the underlying conditions and triggering factors for this violence by focusing on three core areas. The countrys electoral history is replete with narratives of flawed and disputed elections that have turned violent, resulting in numerous fatalities and reversing previous attempts at democratic consolidation. The ineffectiveness and malfunctioning of the security forces also give people the impetus to stage electoral violence. Electoral violence is more than just physical violence. The study was reliant on electoral violence theory by hoglund 2009. Understanding electoral violence to better prevent it unowas. Our research showed that electoral violence is more likely when. Electoral corruption and fraud, furthermore, the following could serve as incentives for electoral violence in nigeria.
Narratives of fear and memory were the dominant explanations for why the country averted mass violence. To examine the role the media play in electoral violence. Because it then was able to emerge victorious in this and subsequent elections, albeit by using intimidation and electoral manipulation, zanu pf declared. Yale section of emergency medicine, department of surgery, yale school of medicine september, 2007 prepared as part of an education project of the global health education consortium and collaborating partners. The 2007 postelection violence in kenya, however, was of a different magnitude.
The term electoral violence therefore means any act of violence perpetrated in the course of political activities, including pre. And how does electoral violence influence conflict resolution and democracy. A united approach to support the victims of violence is important so that those affected can cope with the consequences of violence. Strategies to prevent and manage electoral violence mainly focus on the perpetrators of violence, and the perspectives of the victims of such violence are often neglected. A decade of electoral violence in africa, 2004 to 20 electoral violence has, in certain instances, catalyzed prolonged political conflict. Causes of electoral violence in africa democracy chronicles. I test the model using data on the 2010 elections in burundi. Since then, the trend line seems to be decreasing but still remains close to 50 percent. Police officers right try to control suspected riotous upnd cadres at woodlands police. Election violence in sierra leone africa research institute. In the first case, money is the cause of electoral violence, either relating to the state of the voters in general or affecting the incentive structures of political actors. The recent 2016 post election crisis in gabon12 that left scores dead seems to shows that electoral violence is an intractable phenomenon on the continent. The article then surveys what we have learned about the causes and consequences of electoral violence, identifies important research gaps in.
Understanding how electoral violence in uences behavior in elections is a fundamental part of understanding the mechanisms which drive electoral violence and will allow us to re ne existing theories. Army of unemployed youth then becomes a tool for electoral violence. Causes and effects of postelection violence on agricultural. Electoral violence takes place more frequently in countries emerging from political instability, civil war, or coup. Kenya has been riddled with conflict and violence throughout its brief history as a nation.
What caused the 2005 electoral violence in ethiopia. Strategies to prevent and manage electoral violence. The study aims to explore some dynamics that can suggest possible ways to conceptualize electoral violence in zimbabwe. Patterns of violence in the postelectoral period patterns, categories, phases killings by security forces during protests the interplay among structural causes, stakes, suppliers of violence and triggers triggers and inhibitors complex scenario with the threat of electoral violence annex 1.
The absence or presence of political violence during an electoral. What measures do election management body emb and stakeholders put in place to find solution to electoral violence. Pdf appraisal of the 2019 postelectoral violence in nigeria. The results of the elections in 2005 can only be understood in the context of the violence of 2002 and 2008. Electoral violence could be regarded as electionsmotivatedcrisis employed to alter, change or influence by force or coercion, the electoral behaviour of voters or voting patterns or possibly reverse electoral decision in favour of particular individual, groups or political party. To examine the factors that cause electoral violence in wa municipality. In line with the model, electoral violence before the election was more likely in municipalities characterized by both close political competition and high density of demobilized. Even though ignorance of the electoral process is a threat to our peace, it is also the case that some acts of election violence are perpetrated by people who are knowledgeable about the electoral process and its rules and regulations. Malawi was the least violent election examined in this study, and presents a compelling case for ability of prevention tools, in a supportive environment, to mitigate violence. Causes of electoral violence in africa written by ngah. To investigate the factors that influence the youth in electoral violence. The post electoral violence recorded during the general election is one of the.
To determine the political factors that perpetuates electoral violence. Economic activities remained stable and even increased during the years of peaceful elections in comparison to years of electoral violence. The findings suggested that electoral month was significantly affected by electoral violence in comparison to the electoral year. The postelectoral violence recorded during the general election is one of the. Electoral violence in an african election can be seen manifested in various forms as physical assaults, arson the illegal use of fire to destroy a house, building or property, snatching of ballot boxes and murder. Electoral violence and the challenge of democratic. As a result, parties refrain from campaigning if they fear the harmful. The importance, how to, effect causes relationship, comparison, history, role, solutions are discussed. The following factors are responsible for electoral violence in nigeria. Get free research paper on effects of electoral violence on nigeria democracy 2007 2011 a case study of south west our project topics and materials are suitable for students in nigeria with case studies. Key findings from afscs shared security, shared elections report. Deliberate acts of violence by political party actors and disregard for rules and regulations.
Election violence is regarded as a subcategory of political. Electoral seasons more than anytime else reveals the fragility and soft underbelly of the nigerian state. Political violence is violence perpetrated by people or governments to achieve political goals. Strategies to prevent and manage electoral violence accord. Electoral violence in nigeria electoral violence has been defined as any form of physical force applied at disorganizing the electoral process, destruction of electoral materials, and intimidating of the electorate to vote against their wish nweke, 2005. Kenyan government officials were involved either directly or indirectly in stoking the ethnic hatred and inciting the violence that surrounded 2007s electoral results. Support for political parties is polarised on ethnic and regional lines, and underwritten by patronage.
Understanding how electoral violence in uences behavior in elections is a fundamental part of constructing accurate models of election violence. The impact of electoral violence on economic development. The afrobarometer survey data allows us to analyze 20 countries. Weakness of electoral management bodies embs is identified in several studies as a cause of election violence. Electoral violence reared its ugly head again during the highly controversial 1983 general elections. Electoral violence therefore is a form of anomic participation in the political process elaigwu, 2006. I present a theoretical model of electoral competition in. This research seeks to examine the causes and effects of post election violence on agricultural production in kesses division, uasin gishu county. Patterns of violence in the post electoral period patterns, categories, phases killings by security forces during protests the interplay among structural causes, stakes, suppliers of violence and triggers triggers and inhibitors complex scenario with the threat of electoral violence annex 1. Concerned at continuing patterns of violence around elections, the american friends service committee afsc recently commissioned a study of the causes of electoral violence and best practices for its prevention. It could be seen as any violence harm or threat of violence. Conflict analysis of 2007 postelection violence in kenya.
The paper develops a model which predicts that electoral violence is more likely to emerge if two. Even though ignorance of the electoral process is a threat to our peace, it is also the case that some acts of election violence are perpetrated by people who are knowledgeable about. Violence during election can manifest in various forms such as use of thugs to snatch ballot boxes, intimidation of voters, and disruption of electoral process with the use of weapons at the polling station, vandalization of electoral materials or any other form of physical assault. It can also describe politicallymotivated violence by nonstate actors against a state rebellion, rioting, treason or coup detat or against other nonstate actors.
The evidence showed that patrimonialism as the style of politics, the types of elections, the type of electoral system and election administration are the main causes of election violence in africa. However, the election proceeded calmly, with only a few minor incidents. Electoral violence prior to 1999 electoral violence in nigeria is traceable to the first republic especially during the 196465 elections. A case study design employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches to explore the impacts of electoral violence on economic development of kenya by examining data during and after election periods. This study identifies drivers of electoral conflict and proposes policy responses for three diverse case studiessomaliland, cote divoire and kenya which face some risk of future electoral violence. The dominant political parties in the first republic, namely.
What factors that influence the youth in electoral violence. It can describe violence used by a state against other states or against nonstate actors most notably police brutality or genocide. Again, it could be captured across the streets of africa that electoral violence is been instigated as a result of the culture of impunity. The evidence showed that patrimonialism as the style of politics, the types of elections, the. Zambia political violence and the hell of political. Causes of electoral violence in africa written by ngah gabriel sous dir. Existing research on the causes of electoral violence has focused on structural determinants and electionspecific characteristics but has paid. The importance of these conditions varies with the type of violence clashes, intimidation or murders. Elections, violence and conflict prevention ace electoral. Mar 17, 2016 zambia political violence and the hell of political cadres.
Mar 11, 20 electoral violence is more than just physical violence. Electoral violence is widespread in developing countries. However, early works on electoral violence narrow the concept to of electoral violence to physical phenomenon. In this paper, i perform an analysis of the conflict to examine why widespread violence erupted in the wake of kibakis presidential reelection. The paper studies if electoral violence is driven by i political competition ii the distribution of violent supporters and iii the ethnic distribution. The elections were massively rigged for instance, in the then oyo and ondo states, the two unity party of nigeria upn controlled states were declared for the ruling national party of nigeria npn. Political systems a re based on patronage and clientelism. Because it then was able to emerge victorious in this and subsequent elections, albeit by using intimidation and electoral manipulation, zanu pf declared these results to be indicative of its popular support. A cost which must be paid by member states and africa as whole. Best practices for the prevention of electoral violence reliefweb.
Highly contested elections are characterised by electoral violence and high levels of uncertainty that negatively impact on economic activities of the country. Causes of electoral violence the causes of electoral violence are multifaceted, and can be divided into two broad categories. The remote causes of electoral violence are often related to the poorly managed, illmanaged, or unmanaged crises. The afrobarometer survey data allows us to analyze 20 countries using round 4 and 34 countries using the round 5 data. Tensions were widespread throughout the entire electoral cycle, but in the end only three casualties were reported. Trends in electoral violence in nigeria, rasak bamidele2. Amid early preparations for the 2012 presidential, parliamentary and local council elections, these notes examine the causes of electoral strife, and suggest measures for mitigating future violence.
Sep 08, 2018 causes of electoral violence in nigeria. This key prediction follows from the twostages structure of electoral competition and the assumptions that violence is costly both for authors and for victims. This view is well supported by decisions of international human rights tribunals such as the african commission on human and peoples. Indeed, according to the cleen foundation, violence has been. Violence still plagues approximately 20 to 25 percent of elections in africa. The countrys electoral history is replete with narratives of flawed and disputed elections that have turned violent, resulting in numerous fatalities and. This paper proposes a theoretical model of electoral violence which is tested and validated empirically.
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